Amoxicillin Capsules

Amoxicillin  Capsules
 

Generic name: Amoxicillin  Capsules
Brand name: Zailin
Composition: (2S,5,R,6,R)-6-[(,R)-(-)-2-amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-
1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate
Chemical structure:  


 

Description:The contents of this product are white to yellow powder or particles.
Strength:250mg

Indications:
Amoxicillin is indicated for the treatment of  following infections caused by sensitive bacteria
(strains that do not produce β-lactamase):  
1        Upper Respiratory Tract Infections, such as otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, caused by
Hemolytic streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus, Haemophilus influenzae.
2        Urogenital Tract Infections caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis.
3        Skin and Soft Tissue Infections caused by Streptococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus and
Escherichia coli.
4        Lower Respiratory Tract Infection such as acute bronchitis and pneumonia etc. caused by Streptococcu
hemolyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenza.
5        Acute simple gonorrhea.
6        The product can be used for the treatment of typhoid fever, carrier of typhoid and leptospirosis. Triple
therapy of amoxicillin, clarithromycin and lansoprazole can eradicate H. pylori in the stomach and duodenum
and lower the recurrence rate of peptic ulcer.

Dosage and Administration:
Taken orally. For adult, 0.5g (2 Capsules) each time, every 6 to 8 hours, the daily dose shall not exceed 4g
(16 Capsules ). For children , the daily dose is 20~40mg/kg based on patient weight, 1 time every 8 hours;
and for  infants less than three months ,the daily dose is 30 mg/kg based on patient weight, 1 time every 12
hours.Dose adjustment is required in patients with severe renal impairment, for patients with endogenous
creatinine clearance rate at 10 ~ 30ml/ minutes, the dose is 25 ~ 0.5g (1 ~ 2 tablets) every 12 hours,and for
patients with endogenous creatinine clearance rate less than 10ml/ minutes,the dose is 0.25 ~ 0.5g
(1 ~ 2 tablets) every 24 hours.  
Precautions:Caution is needed when administering amoxycillin to patients with syphilis, as the Jarisch-
Herxheimer reaction may occur in these patients.When high doses are administered, adequate fluid intake
and urinary output must be maintained.The sodium content must be taken into account in patients on a
sodium-restricted diet if the administration of high doses is necessary.Periodic assessment of organ system
functions, including renal, hepatic and haematopoietic function, is advisable during prolonged therapy. Since
it contains amoxycillin, an aminopenicillin, it is not the treatment of choice in patients presenting with sore
throat or pharyngitis because of the possibility that the underlying cause is infectious mononucleosis, in the
presence of which there is a high incidence of rash if amoxycillin is used. It should be given with caution to
patients with lymphatic leukaemia since they are especially susceptible to amoxycillin induced skin rashes.
The possibility of superinfections with mycotic or bacterial pathogens should be kept in mind during therapy.
If superinfections occur, the agent should be discontinued and/or appropriate therapy
instituted.Impaired hepatic function:
Changes in liver function tests have been observed in some patients receiving 250mg. It should be used with
care in patients with evidence of severe hepatic dysfunction.
Impaired renal function:
In patients with moderate or severe renal impairment 250mg dosage should be adjusted.
(See Dosage and Directions for use).
Use in lactation:
Amoxycillin is excreted in the milk. Therefore, caution should be exercised when it is administered to a n
ursing woman.The use of  may lead to the selection of resistant strains of organisms and sensitivity testing
should, therefore, be carried out whenever possible,to demonstrate the appropriateness of therapy.
Pharmacology and toxicology
Pharmacotherapeutic group: penicillins with extended spectrum;
Mechanism of action Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin (beta-lactam antibiotic) that inhibits one or more
enzymes (often referred to as penicillin-binding proteins, PBPs) in the biosynthetic pathway of bacterial
peptidoglycan, which is an integral structural component of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition of peptidogly can
synthesis leads to weakening of the cell wall, which is usually followed by cell lysis and death.Amoxicillin is
susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamases produced by resistant bacteria and therefore the spectrum of
activity of amoxicillin alone does not include organisms which produce these enzymes.
The time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) is considered to be the major determinant of
efficacy for amoxicillin.Mechanisms of resistance The main mechanisms of resistance to amoxicillin are:
• Inactivation by bacterial beta-lactamases.
• Alteration of PBPs, which reduce the affinity of the antibacterial agent for the target.
Impermeability of bacteria or efflux pump mechanisms may cause or contribute to bacterial resistance,
particularly in Gram-negative bacteria.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption:
Amoxycillin is stable in the presence of acidic gastric secretions. Peak blood levels are achieved 1-2hr after
administration. There is a linear dose response in peak serum levels.Food does not interfere with the
absorption of amoxycillin.
Distribution:
Approximately 18% of the total plasma amoxycillin content is protein bound. Amoxycillin diffuses readily
into most body tissues with the exception of the brain and spinal fluid. Inflammation generally increases the
permeability of the meninges to penicillins and this may apply to amoxycillin.
Excretion:
The elimination half-life is approximately 1hour. Amoxycillin is primarily excreted via the kidneys.
Small amounts of the drug are also excreted in the faeces and bile.
Amoxycillin crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk.
SIDE EFFECTS AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS:
Skin rashes are the most common side effects and vary from maculopapular to urticarial.
Urticarial reactions are typical of penicillin hypersensitivity reactions.
If serious anaphylactic reaction occurs, Amoxicillin Hexal 500 should be discontinued and the patient treated
with adrenalin, corticosteriods and antihistamines.
Most patients with infectious mononucleosis develop a maculopapular rash, and patients with other lymphoid
disorders seem to be more at risk. Avoid using in these instances.
Gastro-intestinal side effects including diahrroea, nausea and vomiting may occur quite frequently.
Pseudomembranous colitis has also been reported.
Super-infection is relatively common.
Doses should be reduced in severe renal failure.
Use in pregnancy : animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the foetus. However,
there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women.
Storage:Protect from light, and keep air-tightly.
Packs:10Capsule/Blist,2Blists/Box
Shelf-life:36 months