Antibody Therapy Rescues Mice from Lethal Nerve-Muscle Disease

Researchers rescued mice from early death caused by a muscle-weakening disease, not by correcting the flawed gene that causes it, but instead by targeting another protein in the same signaling pathway.

Led by NYU Grossman School of Medicine researchers, a new study found that an antibody treatment not only rescued young mice from a form of congenital myasthenia (CM) but also reversed disease relapse in adult mice.

Published online in the journal Nature on June 23, the study revealed new details of the cause of CM, with the better understanding guiding the team's design for a therapeutic antibody treatment.  

Mice with the type of CM in the current study fail to develop nerve-muscle connections called synapses that trigger the muscle contractions required for movement, including breathing, and so die soon after birth. Human newborns with CM often survive but face severe, life-long muscle weakness. The few available treatments only partially abate the symptoms.

"To our knowledge, our study is the first to fully counter a lethal congenital flaw by targeted therapy, restoring synapse formation with an antibody that encourages the action of a protein downstream of the mutant gene," says lead author Steven J. Burden, PhD, professor in the Skirball Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU Langone Health.  

"While this strategy applies directly to a rare set of neuromuscular diseases studied here, the findings suggest new approaches to more common diseases - like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also called ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, spinal muscular atrophy, and autoimmune myasthenia gravis," adds Burden, also a professor in the Department of Cell Biology. 

Deep Knowledge Required

Past studies had linked many cases of CM to genetic errors in a gene called Dok7, which codes for a protein that is crucial to the formation of synapses. Dok7 is an adapter protein that becomes attached to a key enzyme, muscle-specific kinase (MuSK). Discovered by the Burden lab in 1993, MuSK has been studied by many labs over the past two dozen years.

Once attached to MuSK, Dok7 is modified, such that new attachment sites appear in Dok7, leading to the recruitment of other proteins crucial to the building of the neuromuscular synapse. In addition, past studies by the Burden lab and others had shown that Dok7 is not only a target of MuSK but also a stimulator of MuSK, helping to keep MuSK activated.

The most common disease-causing mutation in the Dok7 gene produces an abnormal, shorter form of the Dok7 protein. Past theories held that this common mutation caused CM by removing the part of Dok7 with the attachment sites for other proteins, thereby preventing assembly of the cellular machinery for building neuromuscular synapses. The current research team, however, determined that this common form of CM was caused not by the loss of Dok7 attachment sites, but instead because the shortened version of Dok7 was produced in modestly lower amounts. Consequently, there was not enough Dok7 to activate MuSK.

With the surprising CM mechanism clarified, the team used their understanding of MuSK to design synthetic antibodies that boosted the action of MuSK. The goal was to learn whether such antibodies could rescue mice with the Dok7 mutation. Engineered versions of antibodies are widely used as therapeutics, which represent a more practical approach than replenishing muscle cells with a healthy Dok7 protein by gene therapy, say the study authors.

Based on the team's deep knowledge of MuSK biology, study author Shohei Koide, PhD, professor in the Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and colleagues designed a strategy to find antibodies that attached to just the right region of mouse and human MuSK in order to activate MuSK without blocking its normal functions.

The team identified several such antibodies, including one they called X17, which rescued neuromuscular synapse formation, and reversed the movement deficits and early lethality of mice with Dok7 CM. Most of the antibody-treated mice grew to fertile adults. Further, when the team withdrew the antibody treatment, adult mice relapsed and displayed movement problems, which were reversed by re-starting antibody treatment.

According to the authors, the study results indicate that their therapeutic approach rescues synapses not only when they first form during development but also reverses synaptic dysfunction in adult animals. The say their ultimate goal would be to develop the capability to treat children and adults with congenital myasthenia as soon as they are diagnosed.

Along with Burden and Koide, study authors from NYU Langone Health included first authors Julien Oury and Wei Zhang from the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, as well as Nadia Leloup, Akiko Koide, Alexis Corrado, Gayatri Ketavarapu, and Takamitsu Hattori of the Perlmutter Cancer Center. The work was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokegrants RO1 NS075124 and R37 NS36193 and by funds from the Colton Center for Autoimmunity at NYU Langone Health.

Burden is an inventor on patent no. 9,329,182, titled "Method of treating motor neuron disease with an antibody that agonizes MuSK", while Burden, Shohei Koide, Akiko Koide, Oury, and Leloup are inventors on a patent application no. 1474662.02232, "Therapeutic MuSK Antibodies." These patents have been licensed to argenx, with the relationship managed in line with the policies of New York University.