Higher rifampin doses for TB appear more effective with no greater risks

In the study Gustavo E. Velásquez, MD, MPH, associate physician in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, and co-authors report on a phase 2 trial conducted in Lima, Peru, with 180 adults with new, drug-susceptible TB. Previous studies assessing whether intermittent delivery of higher doses of rifampin were effective in killing the TB bacterium found it to be more toxic than lower doses.

The authors of the current trial said that the findings were particularly encouraging because they suggest that, with a sufficiently high dose of daily rifampin, a treatment period of less than the standard six months may be possible.

The authors wrote that optimisation of rifampin dosing is a priority because it has the most potent sterilising effect of the four first-line agents, is available throughout the world, and costs only pennies per capsule.

Trial participants were randomised equally to receive a standard dose of 10mg/kg/day of rifampin or higher doses of 15 and 20mg/kg/day, along with standard doses of the other first-line anti-TB drugs (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol), during the first eight weeks of intensive therapy. After that, participants in all three trial arms received standard doses of rifampin and isoniazid during four months of continuation therapy.

The trial found that each five mg/kg/day increase in rifampin increased the elimination rate of TB bacteria from sputum. The trial also looked at rifampin concentrations in plasma and found that elimination rates of TB bacteria were significantly related to higher rifampin concentrations. All findings were true even after adjusting for age, sex and extent of disease.

Importantly, the increased efficacy of higher doses did not appear to result in more grade two or higher rifampin-related adverse events. Two commonly reported adverse events of rifampin are liver toxicity and flu-like syndrome. Flu-like syndrome was not observed in this trial.

The trial did not find that rates of culture conversion – a milestone in TB therapy indicating that bacteria are no longer detectable in culture – differed among the three trial arms after the eight-week intensive treatment phase. The authors said the trial was not powered to make that determination.

"The difference was too modest at the tested doses for successful treatment shortening," Dr. Velásquez said. "However, these results, taken together with other recently published reports, support efforts to increase doses of rifampin to 35mg/kg/day and possibly higher until the maximum tolerable dose is identified."

This research was published online in the American Thoracic Society’s American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

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