New nanoparticles technology to improve delivery of cancer drug

New way has been developed by scientists to control the shape of polymer molecules so they self-assemble into non-spherical nanoparticles – making progresses in improving the delivery of toxic drugs to tumours.

"Very little in nature is perfectly spherical," says study senior author Professor Pall Thordarson of the UNSW School of Chemistry.

"Most biological structures like cells, bacteria and viruses come in a variety of shapes including tubes, rods, and squashed spheres, or ellipsoids. But it has proved very difficult for scientists to synthesise particles that are not perfectly round.

"Our breakthrough means we can predictably make smart polymers that shift their shape according to the different conditions around them to form tiny ellipsoidal or tubular structures that can encapsulate drugs.

"We have preliminary evidence that these more natural-shaped plastic nanoparticles enter tumour cells more easily than spherical ones," said Prof Thordarson.

The UNSW project is a joint collaboration between Professor Thordarson and Scientia Professor Martina Stenzel, who are co-supervisors of study first author UNSW researcher Chin Ken Wong. 

The scientists worked with polymer molecules that contain a water-soluble portion and a non-water-soluble portion, and which self-assemble into round, hollow structures, known as polymersomes, in solution.

Polymersomes are emerging as powerful new tools to deliver drugs to the desired part of the body, due to their high stability, chemical versatility and the ease with which molecules on their surface can be altered.

Their full potential, however, has been hindered by the difficulty of controlling their shape.

The UNSW team’s novel chemical design is to add a non-water-soluble perylene polymer group to the membrane of the polymersome. The shape and size of the polymersome can then be adjusted by changing the amount of water in the solvent.

"It’s a straightforward but elegant solution which we feel has great potential for making a wide range of complex polymer structures inspired by nature," said Prof Stenzel.

The team used cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy to determine how the polymer molecules were packed together in solution. The technique, cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy, was awarded the 2017 Nobel prize in Chemistry.